{"id":489,"date":"2020-02-27T14:34:29","date_gmt":"2020-02-27T14:34:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.finahukuk.com\/en\/?p=489"},"modified":"2020-03-17T07:56:28","modified_gmt":"2020-03-17T07:56:28","slug":"aml-and-cryptocurrency-towards-a-happy-marriage","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.finahukuk.com\/en\/2020\/02\/27\/aml-and-cryptocurrency-towards-a-happy-marriage\/","title":{"rendered":"AML and Cryptocurrency; Towards a Happy Marriage"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>In recent months, there has been much discussion about the hearing that\u00a0<em>Mark Zuckerberg<\/em>\u00a0held\u00a0at the United States Congress to answer a series of questions regarding the development of\u00a0<em>Facebook<\/em>\u00a0&#8216;s cryptocurrency,\u00a0<em>Libra<\/em><\/strong>. <strong><em>Their discussion was about AML and cryptocurrency.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Congress members expressed skepticism about the&nbsp;<em>social network<\/em>&nbsp;&#8216;s&nbsp;ability&nbsp;to adequately control threats of money laundering and terrorist financing, in light of the serious vulnerabilities shown by the platform over the years, the&nbsp;<em>Cambridge Analytica<\/em>&nbsp;scandal&nbsp;, the difficulty of fighting&nbsp;<em>fake news<\/em>&nbsp;of a political nature , and in consideration of a&nbsp;<em>privacy<\/em>&nbsp;management&nbsp;with several smudges.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This article consists of two analyzes: a comparison with the&nbsp;<strong>most probable financial risks<\/strong>&nbsp;, mainly connected to the&nbsp;<em>money transfer<\/em>&nbsp;activity&nbsp;and computer fraud, and a comparison with the&nbsp;<strong>money laundering risks inherent in<\/strong>&nbsp;existing&nbsp;<strong>cryptocurrencies<\/strong>&nbsp;, based on the knowledge of the&nbsp;<em>blockchain<\/em>&nbsp;and on the review of some similar cases, which occurred at the dawn of the&nbsp;<em>World Wide Web.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Given the use of&nbsp;<em>Facebook<\/em>&nbsp;, made up of individuals, and therefore&nbsp;<strong><em>retail<\/em>&nbsp;customers<\/strong>&nbsp;, it is legitimate to focus our attention on a use for&nbsp;<em>money transfer<\/em>&nbsp;purposes&nbsp;, where, visibly, the most relevant concerns concern&nbsp;<strong>the financing of terrorism<\/strong>&nbsp;.&nbsp;The phenomenon is difficult to counter also for&nbsp;<strong>traditional<\/strong>&nbsp;banking and financial intermediaries&nbsp;, in light of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>the limited size of transactions,<\/li><li>the use of&nbsp;informal&nbsp;<em>networks<\/em>&nbsp;such as&nbsp;<strong><em>hawala<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;and<\/li><li>the lack of clear&nbsp;anonymous behavior&nbsp;<em>patterns<\/em>&nbsp;.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The\u00a0<em>September<\/em>\u00a0informative\u00a0<em>Facebook<\/em>, however, is in many cases higher than that of the\u00a0<em>incumbent<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0: because it has\u00a0<strong>all the connections between the profiles<\/strong>\u00a0( &#8220;friends&#8221;) which will monitor and can then calculate, through\u00a0<em>network analysis<\/em>\u00a0, ties indicative of\u00a0<strong>potential risks<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0For example, a profile of\u00a0<strong>potential terrorist<\/strong>\u00a0could follow pages that incite\u00a0<em>Jihad<\/em>\u00a0or be &#8220;friends&#8221; with terrorists known in the news.\u00a0Secondly, the technology already today allows to carry out\u00a0<em>sentiment\u00a0analysis<\/em>\u00a0on\u00a0<strong>published\u00a0<em>posts<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0and to detect\u00a0<strong>real threats<\/strong>, due for example to the use of violent language and indicative of concrete risks of taking action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>More worrying is the use of&nbsp;<em>Facebook<\/em>&nbsp;for&nbsp;<strong>computer fraud<\/strong>&nbsp;.&nbsp;In fact, the&nbsp;<em>social network<\/em>&nbsp;is already very populated with&nbsp;<strong><em>scammers<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;, so much so that it is not difficult to find articles on the net that describe them in detail;&nbsp;the best known are&nbsp;<strong>fake<\/strong>&nbsp;love relationships, fake charitable associations, requests for help from&nbsp;<strong>duplicate<\/strong>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<strong><em>hacked&nbsp;accounts<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;, fake&nbsp;<em>coupons (1)<\/em>&nbsp;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another threat, naturally connected to the first aspect of which it is a precondition, is the ease with which it is possible to open&nbsp;<strong>false profiles<\/strong>&nbsp;, stealing photos of real profiles or creating them at the table through&nbsp;very advanced&nbsp;<em>software<\/em>&nbsp;such as that made available by&nbsp;<strong><em>Nvidia<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;.<br>A risk, however, already present in the more mature banking sector&nbsp;<em>(2).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Unfortunately this problem, in terms of money laundering, presents itself as a real&nbsp;<strong>Achilles heel<\/strong>&nbsp;, given that false profiles could easily play the role of&nbsp;<strong><em>money mules<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;, to allow branched transactions that could make it difficult to identify the real beneficiaries or origin of money.&nbsp;<strong>Europol<\/strong>&nbsp;recently conducted an important investigation to find 3800&nbsp;<em>money mules (3).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A&nbsp;<strong><em>marketplace<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;is active&nbsp;on&nbsp;<em>Facebook<\/em>&nbsp;which will probably also accept payments with&nbsp;<em>Libra<\/em>&nbsp;;&nbsp;a precedent on&nbsp;<em>Amazon<\/em>&nbsp;may be helpful in understanding the risks inherent in&nbsp;<strong>retail sales<\/strong>&nbsp;.&nbsp;A recycling tool recently discovered on the world&#8217;s largest&nbsp;<em>e-commerce<\/em>&nbsp;platform&nbsp;is to create a&nbsp;<strong>&#8220;seller<\/strong>&nbsp;&#8221;&nbsp;<strong><em>account<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;with stolen documents, and then sell&nbsp;fiction&nbsp;<em>ebooks<\/em>&nbsp;for $ 555 containing only &#8220;stories&#8221; generated by&nbsp;very basic&nbsp;<em>software<\/em>&nbsp;.&nbsp;The seller thus collects money from abroad via&nbsp;<strong>legitimate wire transfers&nbsp;<\/strong>, and then probably withdraws all the funds with rechargeable cards&nbsp;<em>(4)<\/em>&nbsp;.&nbsp;In addition to fake&nbsp;<em>ebooks<\/em>&nbsp;we can very well imagine the sale of everyday products at&nbsp;<strong>astronomical prices<\/strong>&nbsp;, earplugs at $ 200, wooden spoons at 700,&nbsp;<strong>no<\/strong>&nbsp;bank or payment institution can verify if the&nbsp;<strong>price applied is correct<\/strong>&nbsp;&#8211; only sees a transaction involving a well-known and reliable&nbsp;<em>e-commerce site<\/em>&nbsp;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To counter&nbsp;fake&nbsp;<em>accounts<\/em>&nbsp;,&nbsp;<em>Facebook<\/em>&nbsp;has started experimenting with&nbsp;<strong><em>machine learning<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;techniques&nbsp;, but checking&nbsp;<strong>two billion profiles<\/strong>&nbsp;is still a very demanding challenge, which will probably require the&nbsp;<em>social network<\/em>&nbsp;to allow other operators to process their data to develop analysis tools. innovative&nbsp;<em>(5).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>WHERE IS THE AML ACTIVITY EXPLICATED?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>From reading the&nbsp;<em>Whitepaper (6)<\/em>&nbsp;on cryptocurrency it is not possible to understand in detail certain fundamental aspects to understand&nbsp;<strong><em>Libra&#8217;s<\/em>&nbsp;AML strategy<\/strong>&nbsp;which, probably, is still to be developed.&nbsp;We can only speculate, and predict&nbsp;<em>Facebook&#8217;s<\/em>&nbsp;behavior&nbsp;based on different scenarios:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>sale of&nbsp;<em>Libra&nbsp;<\/em><strong>by associates<\/strong>&nbsp;;<\/li><li>sale of&nbsp;<em>Libra<\/em>&nbsp;on&nbsp;<strong>authorized&nbsp;<em>exchanges<\/em>&nbsp;.<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>In the first case, we would be faced with&nbsp;<strong>IMEL and IP<\/strong>&nbsp;, already subject to anti-money laundering legislation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the second case, we can refer to the recent regulatory innovations introduced in Europe with the&nbsp;<strong>IV and V Anti-Money Laundering Directive<\/strong>&nbsp;.&nbsp; The&nbsp;<strong>V Directive<\/strong>&nbsp;(implemented with Legislative Decree 125\/2019)&nbsp;<em>(8)<\/em>, <strong>included<\/strong>&nbsp;among the obliged:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>the&nbsp;<em>exchange<\/em>&nbsp;, understood &#8220;as providers of foreign exchange services including virtual currencies and fiat currencies&#8221; and<\/li><li>The&nbsp;<em>e-wallet<\/em>&nbsp;, &#8220;providers of digital wallet services that provide safeguard services of private cryptographic keys on behalf of clients in order to hold, store or transfer virtual currency&#8221;.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Any exchange that also sells&nbsp;<em>Libra<\/em>&nbsp;will therefore be required to comply with&nbsp;customer&nbsp;<strong>due diligence obligations<\/strong>&nbsp;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>BITCOIN FORENSIC<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>From the aforementioned&nbsp;<em>Whitepaper it<\/em>&nbsp;is known that the&nbsp;<em>Libra<\/em>&nbsp;blockchain&nbsp;will be&nbsp;<strong>pseudonymous<\/strong>&nbsp;, like&nbsp;<em>Bitcoin<\/em>&nbsp;, allowing a user to have multiple addresses not connected with his real identity.&nbsp;It is not clear how this option can relate to the&nbsp;<em>Facebook<\/em>&nbsp;account&nbsp;: will there be multiple addresses for the same account?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In any case, the fact that&nbsp;<strong><em>Libra<\/em>&nbsp;uses a register<\/strong>&nbsp;probably allows to use on it all the&nbsp;<strong>techniques<\/strong>&nbsp;developed so far of&nbsp;<strong><em>bitcoin forensic<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;, i.e. statistical analysis tools that allow you to aggregate transactions (see my article&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.riskcompliance.it\/news\/i-rischi-per-chi-opera-col-mondo-delle-criptovalute\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>The risks for those who work with the world of cryptocurrencies<\/em><\/a>&nbsp;).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Since&nbsp;<em>Libra is<\/em>&nbsp;a&nbsp;<strong>centralized<\/strong>&nbsp;initiative&nbsp;, it is reasonable to expect that various instruments used to make one&#8217;s tracks lose, such as&nbsp;<em>mixers,<\/em>&nbsp;are&nbsp;<strong>prohibited<\/strong>&nbsp;.&nbsp;Unfortunately it cannot be excluded that the role of&nbsp;<em>mixer<\/em>&nbsp;is played by some&nbsp;<strong>bogus&nbsp;<em>accounts<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;,&nbsp;<strong>programmed<\/strong>&nbsp;for the purpose, or by real profiles&nbsp;<strong>baited<\/strong>&nbsp;on the same&nbsp;<em>social network upon<\/em>&nbsp;payment of commissions, as I have already discussed above talking about&nbsp;<em>money mules<\/em>&nbsp;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>BACKGROUND: E-GOLD AND LIBERTY RESERVE<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Libra<\/em>&nbsp;is certainly not new in the world of the&nbsp;<em>Web<\/em>&nbsp;, there are at least two precedents that deserve attention,&nbsp;<strong><em>E-gold<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<strong><em>Liberty Reserve<\/em><\/strong><em>&nbsp;.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>E-gold<\/em><\/strong><em>&nbsp;<\/em>was a virtual currency based on gold, therefore a<strong><em>&nbsp;stable coin<\/em><\/strong><em>&nbsp;ante litteram<\/em>&nbsp;, invented in 1996 with the aim of becoming a<strong>&nbsp;private payment system<\/strong>&nbsp;, independent of any government.&nbsp;To use<em>&nbsp;E-gold you<\/em>&nbsp;needed an<strong><em>&nbsp;online account<\/em><\/strong>&nbsp;, the conversion between<em>&nbsp;fiat<\/em>&nbsp;and<em>&nbsp;E-gold<\/em>&nbsp;coinswas<strong>&nbsp;guaranteed by exchangers<\/strong>&nbsp;.&nbsp;The virtual currency was<strong>&nbsp;very successful<\/strong>&nbsp;thanks to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>low&nbsp;transaction&nbsp;<strong>costs<\/strong>&nbsp;,<\/li><li>to the&nbsp;<strong>trust<\/strong>&nbsp;created by the support for gold,<\/li><li>the total&nbsp;<strong>absence<\/strong>&nbsp;of user identification procedures.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2005 there were a billion and a half dollars of transactions, anonymity pushed the US secret services to undertake&nbsp;<strong>investigations<\/strong>&nbsp;which led to the discovery that 70% of the 65 richest users were associated with criminal activities.&nbsp;L&nbsp;<strong>&#8216;criminal use<\/strong>&nbsp;led to the closure of the company responsible for&nbsp;<em>E-gold<\/em>&nbsp;in 2007, on charges of violating the law on remittance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is also worth mentioning quickly also to\u00a0<strong><em>Liberty Reserve (LR)<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0, born in 2006 to fill the\u00a0<strong>gap<\/strong>\u00a0left by the closure of\u00a0<em>E-gold<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0(two of the founders operated in an\u00a0<em>E-gold<\/em>\u00a0converter\u00a0).\u00a0In\u00a0<em>Liberty Reserve<\/em>\u00a0(LR) users could choose two currencies, one hooked to the dollar, one to the euro, buy them with their\u00a0<em>fia<\/em>t\u00a0, then exchange them with other users with an\u00a0<strong><em>account on LR<\/em><\/strong>.\u00a0An e\u00a0<em>-mail<\/em>\u00a0address\u00a0was technically\u00a0<strong>sufficient<\/strong>\u00a0to open an account valid, given that LR did not verify the validity of the personal data entered in the identification forms.\u00a0From 2009 to 2013, 300 million dollars a month transited, among the 500 largest accounts 32 belonged to credit card thieves, 117 to operators in Ponzi schemes and\u00a0<em>scammers<\/em>\u00a0.\u00a0The\u00a0<strong><em>dark web<\/em><\/strong>had found its currency, until at least 2013, when the founder was arrested and\u00a0<strong><em>Liberty Reserve<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0was finally closed in the United States.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> <strong>If you would like to more information on how to set up a financial institution in Turkey getting a licence or alternatively would like to set up a similar investment in Turkey, we welcome\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.finahukuk.com\/iletisim-2\/\">you get in touch with our specialists.<\/a><\/strong> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In recent months, there has been much discussion about the hearing that\u00a0Mark Zuckerberg\u00a0held\u00a0at the United States Congress to answer a&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":490,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18,7,17],"tags":[12,16,13,14,15],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.13 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>AML and Cryptocurrency; Towards a Happy Marriage - Finahukuk<\/title>\n<meta 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